Effects of biofilm formation and plethora of Candida species causing ailments: a mini review

Ahmad Aliyu

doi:10.54117/gjpas.v1i2.27

Authors

Ahmad Aliyu Department of Microbiology, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54117/gjpas.v1i2.27

Keywords:

Candida species, Biofilm formation, Mortality rate, Candida albicans, Epidemiology

Abstract

Biofilm formation is an independent predictor of higher mortality rate and significant virulence factor that increase the dissemination ability and persistence of Candida species. However, Candida species distribution differs in population based studies evaluated in different geographical locations. This study aimed to evaluate the biofilm associated mortality rate, spectrum and resistance profile of Candida species. A systemic literature review was carried out to evaluate all current epidemiology that reports the incidence of the biofilm associated mortality rate, spectrum and resistance profile of Candida species. Several studies used optical density of the biomass from culture to measure biofilm formation. Data regarding the prevalence of Candida species, in vitro biofilm assay and rate of biofilm-related Candida species in clinical isolates were also extracted from the case-control, cohort, and retrospective studies. The result of this study shows that the mortality rate due to biofilm associated infections ranged from 6.9% to 70.0% and biofilm formation varied greatly from 27.2% to 100% evaluated from different published studies. Candida albicans was the predominant pathogen and the percentage frequency of the isolates ranged from 36.3% to 78.5%. The distribution of Candida species from 2016 to 2020 revealed that Candida albicans (39.42%) had the highest percentage frequency. High prevalence of Candida species was reported in 2018 (28.2%). The current data revealed that United Kingdom, Spain, Austria and Norway shows resistance profile for Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata. Biofilm formation is considered as potential risk factor of higher mortality rate and effective antifungal agents to eliminate or reduce this menace is urgently needed. The reports of the biofilm-forming potentials and properties among Candida species could provide a remarkable step toward the improvement of Candida infection therapies.

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