Influence of socio-demographic factors, working experience, and previous training experience on the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of Patent Medicine Vendors in a Nigerian community: Influence of socio-demographic factors, working experience, and previous training experience

Yahaya Mohammed Katagum; Emmanuel Agada David; Danlami Wetkos Dayom; Halimah Oge Katagum; John David Ohieku

doi:10.54117/gjpas.v3i2.120

Authors

Assoc. Prof. Yahaya Mohammed Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bauchi State University, Gadau. Nigeria
Emmanuel Agada David Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos. Nigeria
Danlami Wetkos Dayom 3Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
Halimah Oge Katagum National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Kano State Office, Kano – Nigeria
John David Ohieku Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Maiduguri. Borno State, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54117/gjpas.v3i2.120

Keywords:

Patent Medicine Vendors, KAP, Socio-demographic, Working & training experiences

Abstract

Patent Medicine Vendors (PMVs) are non-pharmacist operated drug-dealers and are the commonest sources of Over-the-Counter (OTC) medications and services in sub-Saharan Africa. PMVs provide primary care and are hinted to play a more critical role in controlling malaria, being the major public health challenge. Inadequate skilled manpower informs the drafting of PMVs into malaria management in various endemic regions. This study examines the relationship between PMVs knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) and their personal factors (socio-demographic characteristics, working experiences and previous training experiences). 292 PMV respondents were selected and randomized into intervention and wait-list arms, with 146 respondents in each arm respectively. Simple random sampling and systematic random sampling techniques were used to select the local government councils and subsequently participants from the study district respectively. Baseline data on KAP of respondents with varying ages, gender, educational levels, working experiences and training experiences were analysed using SPSS version 26, to ascertain the influencing factors on KAP. Total response rate was 99.6%, with 100% and 99.3% for intervention and wait-list arms respectively. Knowledge, attitudes and the practices of respondents all showed statistically significant relationships with educational levels (p<0.001). But only knowledge showed significant relationship with attending trainings (p = 0.032). Conversely respondent’s attitudes and their practices showed no statistically significant relationship (p>0.05) with attending trainings and with working experiences. The study gave evidence of the relationships of personal factors with KAP of respondents. Educational levels influenced knowledge, attitudes and practices, while attending trainings influenced only knowledge of respondents.

References

Abuya, T. O., Fegan, G., Amin, A. A., Akhwale, W. S., Noor, A. M., Snow, R. W., and Marsh, V. (2010). Evaluating different dimensions of programme effectiveness for private medicine retailer malaria control interventions in Kenya. PLoS One, 5(1), e8937 S

Akuse, R. M., Eseigbe, E., Ahmed A., and Brieger, W. R., (2010). Patent Medicine Sellers: How can they help control childhood malaria? SAGE-Hindawi Access to research. Malaria Research and Treatment Volume, Article ID 470754, 7 pages doi:10.4061/2010/470754

Berendes, S., Adeyemi, O., Oladele, E. A., Oresanya, O. B., Okoh, F., and Valadez, J. J. (2012). Are patent medicine vendors effective agents in malaria control? Using lot quality assurance sampling to assess quality of practice in Jigawa, Nigeria. PLoS One, 7(9), e44775.

Buabeng, K. O., Matowe, L. K., Smith, F., Duwiejua, M., and Enlund, H. (2010). Knowledge of medicine outlets’ staff and their practices for prevention and management of malaria in Ghana. Pharmacy world & science, 32(4), 424-431.

Chukwuocha, U. M., Nwakwuo, G. C., and Mmerole, I. (2013). Artemisinin-based combination therapy: knowledge and perceptions of patent medicine dealers in Owerri Metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria and implications for compliance with current malaria treatment protocol. Journal of Community health, 38(4), 759-765.

FSH, (2008): Future Health Systems: Innovations and knowledge for future health systems for the poor. Policy Brief March, 2008. No: 01 https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/fhsPolicyBriefNIGERIAMarch08.pdf

FMH, (2004): Federal Ministry of Health for malaria control in Nigeria: A strategy for behavioural change communication. Abuja: FMOH; 2004.

Livinus C. A., Ibrahim M. O. T., Isezuo S. A., and Bello S. O., (2009). The impact of training on malaria treatment practices: a study of patent medicine vendors in Birnin-Kebbi. Sahel Medical Journal. Vol. 12 No.2 April – June, 2009 (58 - 64).

Malaria Consortium: Support to the National Malaria Programme, Nigeria. A DFID-Funded Project: 2008-2012

NPC, (2009). National Population Commission: Nigeria Demographic & Health Survey, 2009. Federal Republic of Nigeria - Abuja, Nigeria.

Ojuawo A, & Oyaniyi O.T., (1993). Treatment of diarrhoea by proprietary- medicine vendors. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 20:41-44.

Okeke T.A., and Uzochukwu S.C., (2009). Improving childhood malaria treatment and referral practices by training patent medicine vendors in rural south-east Nigeria. Malar J, 8:260.

Okeke, T. A., Benjamin, S. C., & Okafor, H. U. (2006). An indepth study of patent medicine sellers’ perspectives on malaria in a rural Nigerian community. Malaria Journal, 5, 97.

Onwujekwe, O., Ojukwu, J., Uzochukwu, B., Dike, N., Ikeme, A., and Shu, E. (2005). Where do people from different socio–economic groups receive diagnosis and treatment for presumptive malaria, in south–eastern Nigeria? Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 99(5), 473-481.

Oyeyemi, A. S., Ogunnowo, B. E., & Odukoya, O. O. (2014). Patent medicine vendors in rural areas of Lagos Nigeria: compliance with regulatory guidelines and implications for malaria control. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(1), 163-169.

Rosner, B., (2010) Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Seventh Edition. Harvard University.

Uzochukwu, B. S., Onwujekwe, O. E., Okwuosa, C., & Ibe, O. P. (2014). Patent medicine dealers and irrational use of medicines in children: the economic cost and implications for reducing childhood mortality in Southeast Nigeria. PLoS One, 9(3), e91667.

Standing, H., and Bloom, G. (2002). World development report 2003/04. Workshop held at Eynsham Hall, Oxford; 2002. Beyond public and private? Unorganized markets in Health Care Delivery. Prepared and presented at the ‘‘Making Services work for Poor People’’, pp. 4–5.

World Health Organization. (2016). World malaria report 2015; Summary. Geneva. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HTM-GMP-2016.2

World Health Organisation (2023). World malaria report 2022. Online accessed: 06/12/23. Available on: https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2023

Yahaya M. K., and Halima O. K., (2022). Effectiveness of a concise malaria training program on knowledge, attitudes and practices among patent medicine vendors: A study protocol. Gadau J Pure Alli Sci, 1(2): 108-114. https://doi.org/10.54117/gjpas.v1i2.32.

Yahaya M. K., Hayati K. S., and Faisal I., (2017). Effectiveness of Malaria Intervention Programmes among Patent Medicine Vendors: A Systematic Review. Mal J Med Health Sci 13(3): 81-91.

Influence of socio-demographic factors, working experience, and previous training experience on the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of Patent Medicine Vendors in a Nigerian community